Mephistopheles character

Mephistopheles Character:

• Act 1, Scene 3- 

• line 25- see how Faustus describes him as first by being 'too ugly'.

• lines 47-52-mephistopheles did not come in answer to Faustus's magic incantations, but simply because he heard some abuse the name of God as he says ' I came now hither of mine own accord.'

• lines 78-84 hell is the absence of God, this makes him a more over powering character we see this through his manipulation.

Act 2, scene 1- 

•  'As before, none of the devil's answers are reassuring... man is tempted only because misery loves company' 

• lines 72 and 83- Mephistopheles asides and creates a new actor - audience relationship, trying Mephistopheles into a cunning plotter.

• He refuses to provide Faustus with a wife, gives him the run down option of a prostitute, would seem more of a wrong doing in religious term. Though this can be M. using his power over Faustus he plays the character of God providing what he wants. 

• Mephistopheles- his motivations are ambiguous: his goal is to catch Faustus’s soul and carry it to hell; on the other hand, he attempts to dissuade Faustus from making a deal with Lucifer by warning him about the horrors of hell. Mephastophilis is ultimately as tragic a figure as Faustus, with his moving, regretful accounts of what the devils have lost in their eternal separation from God and his repeated reflections on the pain that comes with damnation.
• shows hell as being a good place Act 2.3 line 5- 'think'st thou heaven is such a glorious thing? ' Shows Faustus as hell being an easy option to material gains, also how M. questions this too may show his lack of experience of what hell is actually like may get worse.
•  M's. Character acts as the body or 'gut' we could say for why Faustus becomes the way he is. Initially M is the motivation behind most of the acts Faustus decides to do. 
• At first he appears as a weak character as from lines 40-42, Lucifer is the 'God' he is just a servant. 

Act 4

• Faustus's character becomes a celebrity at the beginning of act 4 "as they admired and wondered at his wit. Now is his fame spread forth in every land.'' see his celebrity status grow. This can be question is the celebrity label really credible upon Faustus?
• As in class we were assessing Faustus's character. Faustus's character is viewed as being superior among the rest as coming from a social class of base stock and he has come to the top of his 'game'. Pride has taken over, due to his knowledgeable nature it contradicts his character in previous acts has he becomes ignorant to the idea of going to hell. (becomes a deadly sin himself - too much pride). 
• Power "brass" "silk" as mentioned in the very beginning. Uses his power to advantage. Though it can be argued whether Faustus has become powerful, he hasn't accomplished much in his 24 years whilst selling his soul to the devil.  
• - Faustus becomes power hungry, always strives to be better than what he actually is. 
• Faustus has a character f false ambition. 

Key Quotes from Act 4:

• line 105- "that time doth run with calm client foot, shortening my days and thread of vital life"
• "what art thou, Faustus, but a man condemned to die?"
• act 4 scene 2, line 25-highlights Faustus's knowledge of the world. 

Act 5 

"Feast has ended" metaphor - imagery can't feed of the deadly sins.
- Jesus's last supper
- foreshadows Faustus's death, time (structure) "master means to die shortly"

• Drinking takes place, line 6  "belly cheer" gluttony
• - The language used shows Faustus being from a base stock social class.
• - mother tongue- way down to hell goes back to hell. 
• Faustus brings the most beautiful woman on stage.
• mephistopheles brings the dagger- similar to macbeth.

Significance of Old Man 

-morality/mystery play. 

- line 40"drop blood..." biblical references 

- saviour figure

-assesses the situation, and Faustus agrees with him. 

- form and structure: performs and then has a sobering moment. 

"where art thou Faustus?" forced epiphany

- Faustus "damned" lines 48-50 dramatic. 

- Dagger "and Faustus will come to do thee night" to kill himself? or kill the contract- devil still gets his soul. 

DOCTOR FAUSTUS

Act 1- 

• Introduced to the Character of Faustus, we see a similarity with Frankenstein, both having a passion for knowledge.  Also with Frankenstein "yet art thou still but Faustus, and a man. Wouldst thou make man to live eternally?"This shows Faustus being unsatisfied and a man. As mentioned on lines 23, we can make a connection to Victor's creation of man living eternally being made from other parts as later mentioned "raise to life again?"
• We grasp Faustus being from a base stock form of class, at the lowest of them. This makes me like Faustus more as a character knowing he isn't a character of arrogance. 
• Icarus- References falling from the sky as he flew to close to the sun when for bided by his father. He ended up falling from the sky and drowning. This can depict aspects of Faustus's fall.  
• Some phrases are written in Latin, this shows context as the play would be performed in Churches where Latin was learnt and most spoken. 
• Turns to "black arts".
• Introduced to Mephistopheles and his servant Lucifer, the fallen angel " was not that Lucifer an angel once" . We see how he doesn't force Faustus into temptation of sin, Faustus becomes tempted himself. 
• Hell is appeared to be a state of mind "why this is hell, nor am I out of it"
• Act 1, scene 4- Mainly takes part between Robin and Rafe, this adds a comical aspect to the play. This can be aimed for the audience coming from a class of 'base stock' it makes it relatable for everyone to understand. 
• The comical aspect provides a visual/physical element.
•  The use of miss pronunciation, shows the class division.
• No mention of female characters, this ignored the importance of women; whereas in Frankenstein we see the importance of Elizabeth. Macbeth we see the strong and only female character of Lady Macbeth. 

Act 2 

• Signing the contract with his blood shows a sacrifice. "My blood congeals" Faustus is almost given the chance to stop.
•  He is promised anything and everything. 
• "Homo fuge!"Line 81- 'fly o man' the biblical reference offers Faustus to fly away from sin. 
• The fly of man gives a distraction from the warning. 
• Act 2 scene 1- Faustus demands a wife of Mephistopheles. Does the demand for a wife suggest he wants to repent and do things the right way? or does this show how the wife is directly vowed to him therefore being his object of sexual pleasure. 
• Act 2, scene 2- the comical scene between Robin and Rafe shows a breakdown in structure.
• Sexual innuendo, shows the gender roles of women being seen as objects.  
• Act 2, scene 3 - introduced to the 7 deadly sins:

- Each is introduced as "I am" this gives another voice and view in the play. 

-for example: "I am Wrath...I leaped out of a lion's mouth"-personified 

• The way women are presented as prostitutes, or have sexual references made towards them. As in Act 2, scene 3 "dame' referred to a mother or wife, commonly said that women were worse than the devil, women can be seen as sin of temptation. 

Act 3

• Context Religion and Science.
• Meeting with the pope has the opportunity to redeem himself, initial impressions would be repentance, or a debate upon religion and science. 
• "Olympus' top" highest mountain in Greece. Does this she Faustus trying to reach the heavens but having his fall into temptation each time he rises to the top. 
• Faustus travels to places of great cultural experience- similar to Frankenstein travels a lot. 
• As acting this scene out in class, its a very visual scene. 
• Comical aspect, Faustus using the invisibility robe and plays upon the minds of the pope and friars. 

Last Chapters!

Notes from class discussions:

Chapter 21- Reader is shown more gothic elements again, theme of romanticism drifts away.

• 'young man' 'ten o'clock' ' dark night'- sets gothic imagery gives context.
• Young man of 25 found dead on the shore, strangled, with black finger marks, as in class we discussed shows the creatures corruption of inmnocence; death to a 'handsome young man' by the hands of the murderer Creature.
• Victor feels 'parched with horror, nor can...reflect on that moment without shuddering and agony' as he realises the body is Henry Clerval's - Victor faints. Then lays in a fever for two months, 'close to death'. Melodramatic reaction to what the monster warned him would happen. Coping mechanism with the harshness of reality, going into an unfit state allows Victor to block the world around him.
• - Romantic description of death. It 'snatches away many blooming children, the only hopes of their doting parents'. Also relates to his own mother, who'se happiness rested on Victor's union with Elizabeth.
• 'I was doomed to live' and 'I am sorry that i am still alive to feel this mysery and horror'. 'dream' is repeated constantly in chapter 21 to show victor's confused state of mind. He believes the horrid past events to be all a bad dream, and wishes they were just that when he awakes to find them a reality. Take a Freudian intepreation of this developing dream analysis techniques. 
• 'self satisfaciton' as mentioned in the first volume repeated throughout the novel 'My father...but where is he, why does he not hasten to me?'
• 'a fatality seems to persue you' - irony - 'a gloomy and black melancholy...Clerval was forever before me, ghastly and murdered'. Link to Lady Macbeth's delusions/dreams, or macbeth's ghost of banquo
• Victor's nightmares aboard the ship to Havre-De-Grace about the creature coming to kill him are negated by his father waking him up. Victor finds a 'sense of security' by his father's side.

Chpater 22- Foreshadowing key quotes:

• "may increase your miseries tenfold by being an obstackle to your wishes." makes him more miserable as she dies.
• "tear me from a glimpse of happiness."- death of Elizabeth knows she will die.
• "the apple is already eaten"- Paradise lost references to Eve having the apple, committing sin, Shelleys use of biblical references. 
• "A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their live...sacrafice the whole human race." references to Macbeth as well- the motif of blood appearing creates a dramatic atmosphere. 
• "I will be with you on your wedding-night!"
• mentioning mountains brings back romantic as well as gothic elements of peace and dramatical setting. 

Chapter 23- Do we sympathise for Victor in this chapter of the novel?
Do sympathise:

• loosing his loved ones. 
• emotional connection with natures beauty. "the scene of the busy heavens, rendered still busier by the restless waves ..." the weather affects the mood of Frankensteins stae of mind, the transition from moods. 
• shows remorse. 

Don't sympathise:

• Bought down upon himslef for the creation of the monster. 
• Mellodrmatic the body of Elizabeth- "my love, my wife, so lately living, so dear so worthy."
• Lack of responsibility of controlling the monster. 
• ending of the chapter- " I broke from the house angry and disturbed... other mode of action"- ignorance.

Chapter 24-  Death of Frankenstein and how creature reacts.

• Victor tells walton about the monsters travels, starts in the graveyard in Geneva at his families grave. 
• Asks Walton to killl the monster.
• Frankenstein is feulled by revenge.

Important parts:

• Shelleys use of Location in the chaoter as well as the letters 
• Walton's contuation- shows letters havent been completely finished, readers question the reliability of the novel and points of views. 
• References to paradise lost- "like the arch angel who aspired to omnipotence, I am chained in an eternal hell."
• "passion" used repetitively.

Creature becomes detached from Frankenstein. Feels "abortion" to feel abandoned. 

Coursework Ideas

I  have thought about focusing on the use of symbolism and how they create meanings in many ways for the reader, also to show whether the use of symbolism is useful in my chosen text. Taking a critical approach I will show how my text may lack symbolism or how symbolism could be portrayed in a better way.

So far my idea for my Critical coursework text is the Poem of Fra Lippo Lippi. The text studied at AS lit came to mind as it shows the symbolism and importance of art as well as the stability of society. Based on the Florentine Monk living in the 15th century will also enable me to explore theories of Marxism, Functionalism and Feminism which can also help provide explanations for how the poem can be critically analysed. If I do focus on symbolism I could explore should art be realistic and true to life or should it be idealistic and didactic? this thought is highlighted a lot throughout the poem.

Chapter 9-Chapter 10
The death of Justine, we see how Frankenstein quickly changes the tense to forget what his creation had done to his family 'Justine's died; she rested'.

• 'The blood flowed freely in my veins, but a weight of despair and remorse pressed on my heart'. Frankensteins worries become almost untangled, the heat has come of his shoulders and the intense atmosphere of Justine's trial. The use of personification emphasis the guilt and pain he truly feels.
• Frankensteins character is shown again 'self-satisfaction'.
• 'I was now free' questions the reader what is he free from? the past is always going to haunt him, Frankenstein is aware of the past coming back.
• page 73- 'I was encompassed ...type of me' describes a reflection of himself the things he has done.
• also on page 73 Shelly's use of pathetic fallacy after the Mountain and surrounding echos the mood of guilt and remorse, though its used throughout the novel.
• the ending of chapter nine shows how Frankenstein has almost found peace with nature which he connects best with. 'sleep crept over me' suggests a new story of the past coming upon him. Or sleep can be seen as a world for him of unconscious desires which are repressed, in which his imaginations are achievable.

The natural world has effects on victor's mood: the beauty of nature enlightens his character. Though nature makes him joyful it also bring him the feelings of regret, guilt and shame. 'The rain depressed me; my old feeling recurred, and i was miserable'. The significance of the connection to nature is purely based upon the creation of the monster. The monster becomes a symbol of Victors madness in trying to emulate the natural forces of his creation.


We see how the monster becomes a verbal and emotional almost human like creature that communicates his past to victor, this gives Victor a fuller understanding of how his creation, now we see the intellect behind the creature. We see how the monster understands his position in the world, and the abandonment by Frankenstein he now seeks revenge. For the first time Frankenstein realises what he has actually made, the creature has needs and demands which are out of control. We see the natural side of the monster, one way in which the monster shows eloquence is similar to the novel Paradise Lost - when the monster tries to convince Victor to listen to his story. “remember, that I am thy creature: I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel.” By comparing Victor to God, the monster heaps responsibility for his evil actions upon Victor, scolding him for his neglectful failure to provide a nourishing environment.


Chapter 11-Chapter 12


Chapter 11 summary- Sitting by the fire in his hut, the monster tells Victor of the confusion that he experienced upon being created. He describes his flight from Victor’s apartment into the wilderness and his gradual acclimation to the world through his discovery of the sensations of light, dark, hunger, thirst, and cold. The monster visits a village, where more people flee at the sight of him. As a result of these incidents, he decides to stay away from humans.


chapter 12 summary-
Observing his neighbors for a period of time, the monster notices that they often seem unhappy, though he is unsure why. He eventually realizes however, that their despair results from their poverty, to which he has been contributing by surreptitiously stealing their food. Torn by his guilty conscience, he stops stealing their food and does what he can to reduce their hardship, gathering wood at night to leave at the door for their use.
The monster becomes aware that his neighbors are able to communicate with each other using strange sounds. Learning their language, he tries to match the sounds they make with the actions they perform. He acquires a basic knowledge of the language, including the names of the young man and woman, Felix and Agatha. He admires their graceful forms and is shocked by his ugliness when he catches sight of his reflection in a pool of water. He spends the whole winter in the hovel, unobserved and well protected from the elements, and grows increasingly affectionate toward his unwitting hosts.

• The monster’s growing understanding of the social significance of family is connected to his sense of 'otherness' and solitude. The cottagers’ devotion to each other underscores Victor’s total abandonment of the monster; ironically, observing their kindness actually causes the monster to suffer, as he realises how alone he is. This lack of interaction with others, compounds the monster’s lack of social identity. As a marxist would argue the feeling of being alienated.
• The theme of nature’s sublimity, of the connection between human moods and natural surroundings, relfects the monster’s childlike reaction to springtime. Nature proves as important to the monster as it is to Victor: as the temperature rises and the winter ice melts, the monster takes comfort in a suddenly green and blooming world, glorying in nature’s creation when he cannot enjoy in his own.
• Like Victor, the monster has awareness that knowledge is dangerous, After realizing that he is different from human beings, “Of what a strange nature is knowledge! It clings to the mind, when it has once seized on it, like a lichen on the rock.” Knowledge is permanent and irreversible; once gained, it cannot be dispossessed. Just as the monster, a product of knowledge, spins out of Victor’s control, so too can knowledge itself, once uncovered, create irreversible harm.
• Certain elements of the narrative style change as the perspective transitions from Victor to the monster. Both narrators are emotional, sensitive, aware of nature’s power, and concerned with the dangers of knowledge; both express themselves in an elegant, Romantic tone. The similarity of their tones arises as a function of the filtering inherent in the layered narrative: the monster speaks through Victor, Victor speaks through Walton, and Walton ultimately speaks through the sensitive, Romantic Shelley. However, we can explore whether the structure of the novel itself helps explain these narrative parallels. The growing list of similarities between Victor and the monster suggests that the two characters may not be so different after all.

Chapter 13-Chapter 14


The monster learns to read, and, since Felix uses Ruins of Empires to instruct Safie, he learns a bit of world history in the process. Now able to speak and understand the language perfectly, the monster learns about human society by listening to the cottagers’ conversations. Reflecting on his own situation, he realises that he is deformed and alone. “Was I then a monster,” he asks, “a blot upon the earth, from which all men fled, and whom all men disowned?” He also learns about the pleasures and obligations of the family and of human relations in general, which deepens the agony of his own isolation.
The monster is able to reconstruct the history of the cottagers. He realises that their wealth was stripped away.

• A new narrative voice is introduced gives another perspective of the novel. Their story is transmitted from the cottagers to the monster, from the monster to Victor, from Victor to Walton, and from Walton to his sister, at which point the reader finally gains access to it. This layering of stories within stories enables the reworking of familiar ideas in new contexts. For example the sense of “otherness” that many characters in Frankenstein feels. His deformity, his ability to survive extreme conditions, and the grotesque circumstances of his creation all serve to mark him as the ultimate outsider. 
• The monster’s fascination with the relationship between Felix and Safie lies in his desperate desire for Victor to accept him. Felix’s willingness to risk everything for the sake of someone who has been unjustly punished gives the monster hope that Victor will recognize the hurtful injustice of abandoning him. However, just as Felix’s bravery in helping Safie’s father escape stands in stark contrast to Victor’s shameful unwillingness to save Justine, so does Felix’s compassion for Safie underscore Victor’s cold hatred for the monster.

Chapter 15- Chapter 17

• Chapter 15- While searching for food in the woods around the cottage one night, the monster finds an abandoned leather satchel containing some clothes and books. Eager to learn more about the world than he can discover through the chink in the cottage wall, he brings the books back to his hovel and begins to read.
  Chapter 16-In the wake of this rejection, the monster swears to revenge himself against all human beings, his creator in particular. Journeying for months out of sight of others, he makes his way towards Geneva. On the way, he spots a young girl, seemingly alone; the girl slips into a stream and appears to be on the verge of drowning. When the monster rescues the girl from the water, the man accompanying her, suspecting him of having attacked her, shoots him.
  Chapter 17- The monster tells Victor that it is his right to have a female monster companion. Victor refuses at first, but the monster appeals to Victor’s sense of responsibility as his creator. He tells Victor that all of his evil actions have been the result of a desperate loneliness. He promises to take his new mate to South America to hide in the jungle far from human contact. With the sympathy of a fellow monster, he argues, he will no longer be compelled to kill.. Victor becomes skeptical about the creation of a female monster, the monster tells Victor that he will monitor Victor’s progress and that Victor need not worry about contacting him when his work is done.
  Analysis:
  • Paradise Lost, here and throughout the novel, provides development for the monster as he tries to understand his identity. Comparing himself to both Adam and Satan, perceiving himself as both human and demonic, the monster is poised uncomfortably between two realms. “Like Adam,” he says, “I was created apparently united by no link to any other being in existence,” but “many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition; for often, like him, when I viewed the bliss of my protectors, the bitter gall of envy rose within me.” Scolded like Adam and cursed like Satan, the monster is painfully aware of his creator’s utter contempt for him.
  • The theme of  nature reappears in the monster’s narrative, and nature’s ability to affect the monster powerfully, as it does Victor, humanizes him.Whereas Victor seeks the high, cold, hard world of the Alps for comfort, as if to freeze his guilt about the murder, the monster finds solace in the soft colors and smells of a springtime forest, symbolizing his desire to reveal himself to the world and interact with others. “Half surprised by the novelty of these sensations, I allowed myself to be borne away by them; and, forgetting my solitude and deformity, dared to be happy,” the monster says. Unlike Victor, he is able to push away, at least temporarily, the negative aspects of his existence.
  
  Chapter 18-  After his fateful meeting with the monster on the glacier, Victor puts off the creation of a new, female creature. He begins to have doubts about the wisdom of agreeing to the monster’s request. He realises that the project will require him to travel to England to gather information. His father notices that his spirits are troubled much of the time Victor, still racked by guilt over the deaths of William and Justine, is now newly horrified by the task in which he is about to engage and asks him if his impending marriage to Elizabeth is the source of his melancholy. Victor assures him that the prospect of marriage to Elizabeth is the only happiness in his life
  Victor and Alphonse arrange a two-year tour, on which Henry Clerval, eager to begin his studies after several years of unpleasant work for his father in Geneva, will accompany Victor. After traveling for a while, they reach London.

  Summary: Chapter 19-Victor and Henry journey through England and Scotland, but Victor grows impatient to begin his work and free himself of his bond to the monster. Victor has an acquaintance in a Scottish town, with whom he urges Henry to stay while he goes alone on a tour of Scotland. Henry becomes reluctant, and Victor leaves for a distant desolate island in the Orkneys to complete his project. Quickly setting up a laboratory in a small shack, Victor devotes many hours to working on his new creature. He often has trouble continuing his work, however, knowing how unsatisfying, even grotesque, the product of his labor will be.

• Analysis: Chapters 18–20

  •  An appreciation of nature is not the only aspect of Victor’s character that Henry seems to have adopted: Henry is now enthusiastic about natural philosophy and eager to explore the world. “In Clerval I saw the image of my former self.” Henry represents the impending ruin of another young, brilliant man by science; this can represent the healthy, safe route to scientific knowledge that Victor never took. In either case, Victor’s emotional outbursts strongly foreshadow Henry’s death: “And where does he now exist?” he asks. “Is this gentle and lovely being lost forever?The theme of the passive, an innocent woman manifested in the mother who sacrifices herself for her daughter, the fiancée who waits endlessly for her future husband, and the orphan girl who is rescued from poverty culminates in this section with the female monster whose creation Victor suddenly aborts after being struck by doubts about the correctness of his actions. Though never alive, the female monster is a powerful presence: to Victor, she represents another crime against humanity and nature; to the monster, she represents his one remaining hope for a life not spent alone.

  • Victor sprinkles his speech with metanarrative comments that remind the reader of the relationship between storyteller and audience, shape the upcoming narrative, and demonstrate the narrator’s deep emotional investment in his story. “I must pause here; for it requires all my fortitude to recall the memory of the frightful events which I am about to relate, in proper detail, to my recollection,” Victor says, illustrating that he is overwhelmed by emotion and offering a glimpse of the horrific story that he is about to tell. Victor’s apostrophes to his absent friends serve the same purposes, adding to the emotional impact of his speech, emphasizing his nostalgic memories, and calling attention to the layered narrative. When Victor cries out “Clerval! Beloved Friend! Even now it delights me to record your words,” the reader senses the power of Victor’s emotion and its ultimate uselessness against the force of fate. Additionally, the mention of “record[ing]” Henry’s words underscores the fact that it is only through Walton that the reader has access to the other characters and their narratives.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Frankenstein Chapter Summaries

chapter 1-  Introduced to Frankenstein and his family, gives us context of life he was living (only child). we learn about his Genevese origins. description of his father Alphonso Frankenstein a wealthy and respected benevolent man that rescued Frankenstein's mother.

• Introduced to a loving relationship between Frankenstein's parents- important as relationship between parents can affect a child's experiences as they tend to pass these traits on later. 
• Adoption of an orphan girl Elizabeth being raised by a peasant family. See Frankensteins attachment to his 'more than sister'... 'till death she was to be mine only' - this could be a first insight into control and power before the creation of his creature. creates a protective mind, though we haven't seen the interaction between them yet. 

Theme- Freedom, as a child he has no worries, from a wealthy middle/upper class family has stability. The power of having wealth and opportunities enables him to explore.

• Morality, Shelly presents him as a very self-centered, sheltered.

chapter 2-We see the perfect serenity of his childhood with his family, as two more children are introduced.

• The contrast of characters, Frankenstein being more academic in a sense of having the 'thirst for knowledge'. 
• very independent character 'it was my temper to avoid a crowd, and to attach my self fervently to a few.' this could then develop as to why he becomes socially incompetent. His lack of social skills makes him impaired to the norms and values of society. 
• ' harmony was the soul of our companionship...drew us nearer together'.Could this be a fascination to Frankenstein to find someone who is opposite to his character but can keep him content. Or is this highlighting his control of independence as well as dependence of a positive character in life. 
• 'natural philosophy' - a break down in structure goes on to talk about learning and the book that he has read, which highlights his thirst for knowledge. Becomes fixated about the world around him and the discoveries of nature and electricity.

• Age of 13- becomes interested in how life evolved on the planet, studies theories of life and human creations. ' the world was to me a secret which i desired to divine.' the knowledge of new information makes him happier, though fate has other plans for him.

Context- 18th century, development of natural philosophy shows how discoveries were coming about, can be seen as motivation or inspiration for Frankenstein. Refers to Cornelus Agripa known to be a sinister magician.

Theme- Knowledge, childhood.

Chapter 3-  At the age of 17, Frankenstein moves away to Ingolstadt for college, when Elizabeth got scarlet fever, as well as the loss of his mother.'the first misfortune of my life occurred- an omen,as it were my future of misery'.

• Loneliness of Frankenstein develops 'I was new to sorrow'. Though we see him more engaged with his studying. See his nervousness of being along from everyone he loved, but finding the Professor which he befriends, see how devoted they are to studying. Another downfall chapter 3, page 34 'the labours of men of genius, however erroneously directed,scarcely ever fail in ultimately turning to the solid advantage of mankind' M Waldman was wrong. 

chapter 4- See how Frankenstein becomes to determine to figure out the source of where life comes from. He considers going back home because his studies become so advanced.  Frankenstein discovers essence of life, but refuses to reveal it to Walton as he fears that he will follow the idea.  "Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow."

•  After Frankenstein realises what gives life, he experiments with creating a human being. The construction takes place 'I succeeded in discovering the cause of generation and life.' 
• the breakdown of interaction with his family begins to fade, his health declines from the constant labour, little rest, poor diet. Refuses to stop working see his obsession and control, which develops the psychological attachment.

Chapter 5-Frankensteins creation comes to life and illusions of grandeur were vanished by the hideousness of the beast. the contrast of the creature having good and bad elements, can be interpreted as complementing Frankensteins personality. As well as an understanding of people and the reality of life people being judgmental. His perfect creation was a frightening disaster. "For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart." Chapter 5, pg. 42 Frankenstein fled his laboratory and collapsed in his room. He woke from a nightmare to see the monster standing over him, smiling with his hideous, black lips.     

  

Chapter 6- In the letter, Elizabeth begs for a letter from Frankenstein to assure his family that he was well. Frankenstein misses out on life, misses the progression with his family. The long description of the hardships of Justine Moritz. Frankenstein avoids his scientific studies as it reminds him of the disastrous experiment. 

• further extension of loneliness. Page 55. 

Chapter 7- Letter is revealed from Alphonso about his brothers murder, found his strangled body in the woods. The locket worn can be seen as a motivation for the murder, leaving Elizabeth feeling responsible fro this- displacing guilt.Frankenstein is well aware of the monster being Williams murderer. though Justine is accused, we see a change in the character of Frankenstein tackling the world on his own has bought him to become selfish, ignorant but guilt is prevalent.

• Pages 62-3 
• Use of letters break down structure, tells story from a different perspective builds imagery of scenes as well as revealing emotions. (pages 56-7). 

Chapter 8 - Justine's trial explains all the evidence but not the evidence of the locket. She is still acquitted and executed. The guilt builds up of two deaths on his conscience. Frankenstein knew then that it was only the beginning of their sorrow and he was responsible for all of it but unaware of how to prevent it. "[He] beheld those [he] loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to [his unhallowed arts." Chapter 8, pg. 73.

• 'Prophetic soul'- echoes Hamlet in Act 1 scene 5 line 41 where the ghost of Hamlets Father tells him of his murder by Claudius ans lays upon his sons the burden of revenge.

Theme- Innocence, confession all linked with religion.

CONTEXT- AO4 

 Prometheus and Paradise Lost
Prometheus is told to create mankind using mud and water. He is a great benefactor to mankind teaching them astrology and architecture etc. Though he stole fire from Zeus and gave it to the mortals, his punishment was to be bounded by a rock and on each day an eagle would come and peck out his liver which it then grew back and this continuously happened.  

    Frankenstein is viewed as the 'Modern Prometheus' stealing fire ffrom the Gods made him an admired figure among writers . Shares similarities with Frankenstein is told by Zeus to make a creation of humanity from mud and water, Victor creates a monster.  Also how he steals fire by harnessing the power of lightening to animate his monster.  Prometheus defies the supreme being and continues to purse knowledge (symbolises fire) until it has its consequences which parallels going against nature the way Frankenstein does.

    Both are given gifts/powers such as Frankenstein is given intelligence and Prometheus is given trust though they both disobey the power given.

Paradise lost- form of a long poem, which tells the story of Adam, Eve and Satan. Satan uses the ability to talk to destroy the Earth.

• God creates the world and Adam and Eve, Frankenstein is the parallel to the character of being 'God'.  He is seen as a more obsessive creator and self centered. The creature ca identify with Satan and Adam to be born perfect creatures but betray by committing sins. 
• The creature being rejected shows the rejection of Adam and Eve.

Mary Shelley- Born in London 1797. Born into a wealthy family her mum being a feminist writer and father a philosopher,her mother died when Shelley was at a young age.

•  she was always trying to come up with ideas for a horror story, had discussions about Darwin's theory of evolution with Lord Byron. She had a nightmare which developed the story of Frankenstein.    
• Wrote the novel at the age of 19, as a woman it was published anonymously. 
• Married Percy Shelley. 
• Died in Bournemouth 1851.

Religious and Philosophical contexts
Christianity- painful or perfect eternal life that awaits after death, meaning heaven or hell.
Frankenstein- After life has been revoked the creation of a new creature.

•  plays God by creating the creature
• monster has a soul whether he goes to heaven or hell though he wasn't born naturally.

Philosophical- 'Origin of species'  Darwin's idea of evolution.
- society became liberal so people stopped going to church.

Scientific- Challenges the view thats God is powerful and challenges human creation.
- Science is being attacked by Mary Shelley because of its arrogance.

Superstition- Dracula, Dr Jekyl and Mr Hyde.
-fear of Frankenstein.

Romanticism
- Imagination and emotion over rationality.
- Exciting and mysterious quality.
- Pushing the boundary.
- Marginalised.
- Value nature.

French  Revolution- Due to revolution and deficits. Le roi te touche, dieu te guient- If Kings influences on Britain: Rights of man, social reform, social reform, social class system, Britain constitution.
-Frankenstein unruly passion to chase after something that was out of his control.
-Product of unchecked intellectual ambition which missled him into a hollow existence.
-criticism of slavery and abolition in the 1800's.